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Showing posts with label healthy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label healthy. Show all posts

Tuesday, August 20, 2013

Online Lobster Delivery Service Promotes Healthy Lobster Recipes

(PRWEB) August 08, 2013

In a recent profile of healthy lobster recipes, Boston Magazine compiled a list of seven recipes from a variety of media outlets. Recipes included a Lobster and Corn Risotto from Cooking Light, Grilled Lemon-Tarragon Lobster from Bon Appetit, a Skinny Lobster Roll from Self magazine, and other healthy lobster options. This profile has encouraged the team at GetMaineLobster.com to highlight its own healthy lobster recipes and other ways to enhance everyday life with fresh Maine lobster.

“When most people think of a lobster dinner, they imagine lobster meat drenched in melted butter, but there are a wide range of healthy lobster recipes that we’re highlighting every week,” says Rose Mulligan of GetMaineLobster.com. “One of our main goals from the beginning has been to encourage seafood lovers to enhance everyday life by adding lobster and we love offering these healthy alternatives.”

Some of GetMaineLobster.com’s recent lobster recipes include its Get Maine Lobster and Basil Tomato Gazpacho, Surf and Turf Lettuce Wraps, and Get Maine Lobster Spaghetti. The recipes are easy to prepare, delicious, healthy and are a great representation of how lobster can be used to enhance a wide range of meals.

For more ways to enhance your meals with lobster, go to GetMaineLobster.com to browse its lobster recipes and weekly specials on live lobsters and prepared seafood meals, or call (866) 562-4817 to speak to a representative. Stay updated and Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter, and for even more lobster news, specials and recipes, go to JustAddLobster.com.

About GetMaineLobster.com

GetMaineLobster.com, a division of Black Point Seafood and Black Point Gourmet, hand-selects the finest Maine lobster, seafood and beef products for convenient distribution throughout the United States. Their passion is to make fresh, quality seafood readily available to customers across the country, which is why they buy from only the most trusted, well-established suppliers to ensure that they receive the finest products available.

GetMaineLobster.com was selected out of the more than four million small American businesses served by Chase bank to represent its new Platinum Business Checking product for its 2013 national advertising campaign.



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Tuesday, June 25, 2013

Healthy Fruit Crumble

Serves 8

1kg apples or pears, peeled, cored and cut into wedges1 tsp ground?cinnamon1/2 tsp ground nutmeg1/2 tsp allspice1 cup oats1/2?cup oat bran1/3 cup wholemeal flour2 tbsp brown sugar2 tbsp slivered almonds1/4?cup oilMix fruit with spice and place in a baking dish.Bake in oven for 15 mins at 180°C.Combine remaining?ingredients to form crumble mix. Pat down on top of fruit.Bake for 20 mins at 180°C and until top is golden and slightly crunchy.


Preparation time:?10 minutes
Cooking time:?35 minutes
Difficulty rating: Easy


Tips

Great way to use up left over apples or pears at the end of the week.

Nutritional analysis per serve:

Healthy crumble recipe image


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Saturday, June 22, 2013

Healthy Alcohol Consumption on New Years Eve

Alcohol and New Year's EveNew Year's Eve is a night when a lot of people attend social gatherings, often large public events. People typically drink alcohol at New Year's Eve gatherings, and while many people drink responsibly, binge drinking (drinking until drunk or intoxicated) is also common amongst people of all ages. Binge drinking increases the risk of violence; drunk people are more likely to?experience injuries requiring hospitalisation than sober people.

In the long term, binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of numerous health conditions, and therefore has significant health, economic and emotional costs. Preventing alcohol intoxication on New Year's Eve is therefore important for an individual's health and for the health of loved ones. So this New Year, find out how to consume alcohol safely and still have a good night!

Healthy alcohol consumption means drinking alcohol in moderate quantities –?that is, quantities that keep the long and short term health risks of alcohol consumption to an acceptable level. Safe levels of alcohol consumption in Australia are determined by the National Health and Medical Council (NHMRC), based on evidence about the risks of varying levels of alcohol consumption. The NHMRC recommends that both men and women drink no more than four standard drinks at a time to prevent the short term risks of alcohol consumption (e.g. trauma and accidents) and no more than two standard drinks on any given day to prevent the long term risks of alcohol consumption.

Reference: Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol [online]. Canberra, ACT: National Health and Medical Research Council; 2009 [cited 11 January 2011]. Available from: URL link

This information will be collected for educational purposes, however it will remain anonymous.

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No studies have been conducted about alcohol consumption on New Year's Eve, although it is widely perceived as a night of festivities, involving large public gatherings and often excessive alcohol consumption. However, there is evidence that alcohol consumption increases in the festive season. For example, a study conducted in Spain reported increased alcohol and substance abuse at work Christmas parties compared to other times of the year. A study from Finland reported increased alcohol sales (and an increased incidence of fatal alcohol poisonings) on weekends and at times of celebration such as Christmas and May Day.

Alcohol intoxication carries numerous short and long term health consequences. In the long term these include:

In the short term alcohol intoxication increases the risk of:

Road accident;Going to hospital because of an injury (e.g. from falls, poisoning and drowning);Experiencing alcohol-related violence, either as a perpetrator, witness or victim;Unhealthy sex, which risks pregnancy, sexually transmitted infection and psychological health issues;Personal conflict, for example within families;Social embarrassment; andA hangover the following day.Use AUDIT to assess your drinking patterns

In order to avoid consuming excessive amounts of alcohol this New Year's Eve, why not try:

Think about the acceptability, harm and cost of excessive alcohol consumption on New Year's Eve before you go out. For example, think about how much money you will spend, the potential risks of consuming too much alcohol, and how you will feel the following day;Aim to drink in accordance with the NHMRC guidelines for safe alcohol consumption, which allow no more than four standard drinks on any given day for both men and women;Assess your alcohol consumption and keep track of how much you drink throughout the night, remembering that a standard drink as defined by the NHMRC is often less than a standard serving of beer, wine or other alcoholic beverage;Eat before and while drinking alcohol. This may be easier (and healthier) if you take food from home to outdoor New Year's Eve spots, where food may not be available or you may have to stand in long queues to get food;Plan a night out at an alcohol-free venue with good entertainment;Avoid refilling a glass while it is half empty, as this makes it difficult to keep track of how much is consumed;Space alcoholic drinks by having a glass of water or a soft drink in between;Avoid buying drinks in "shouts" or "rounds" as this encourages everyone to keep up with the person who is drinking the fastest;Keep busy dancing, watching entertainment or chatting with friends while awaiting the New Year. This can reduce the amount of alcohol consumed;Don't drink and drive. Designate a driver or plan to catch public transport or use a taxi. Be aware that there are often long queues for public transport and taxis on New Year's Eve, and be prepared to wait.How much alcohol do you have in your system?

Most of us would have been?given a random breath test at least once but how does the reading this test gives actually relate to how many drinks you've had? Use this tool to estimate how much alcohol you have in your blood and how long it might take to sober up.

Click here to calculate your BAC

Alcohol?For more information on drinking alcohol, including drinking disorders and alcohol's effect on the body, as well as some useful tools, see Alcohol.Health in the New Year?For more information on staying healthy in the New Year, including tips on diet, partying, exercise and general health, see Health in the New Year.?Meller N. Measures to reduce violence at major public events: New Year's Eve. Paper presented at Second National Conference on Violence;?Canberra, 15-18 June 1993 [online]. Australian Institute of Criminology. 16 January 2004 [cited 14 December 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/ events/ aic upcoming events/ 1993/ ~/ media/ conferences/ ncv2/ mellor.ashx National Health and Medical Research Centre. Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking [online]. 6 March?2009 [cited 22 August 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/ publications/ synopses/ ds10syn.htmVidal-Infer A, Tomas-Dols S, Aguilar-Moya R, Samper-Gras T, Zarza MJ, Aguilar-Serrano J. [Christmas work dinners. A pattern of recreational use of alcohol and other drugs?] [Article in Spanish]. Adicciones. 2009; 21(2): 133-42.Poikolainen K, Leppanen K, Vuori E. Alcohol sales and fatal alcohol poisonings:?A time-series analysis. Addiction. 2002. 97(8): 1037-40.Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. National binge drinking strategy: About the campaign [online]. 2009 [cited 14 December 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.health.gov.au/ internet/ drinkingnightmare/ publishing.nsf/ Content/ about-the-campaignWorld Health Organisation. Defining sexual health: A report of a technical consultation of sexual health [online]. 21 December 2006 [cited 15 December 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/ topics/ gender_rights/ defining_sexual_health.pdf Australian Drug Foundation. Safe partying for all ages [online]. 2008 [cited 13 December 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.druginfo.adf.org.auState Government of Victoria. Tips for a safe night out drinking [online]. 2009 [cited 13 December 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.vic.gov.au/ news-detail/ alcohol-campaign-urges-responsible-drinking.html
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Thursday, June 20, 2013

Food Packaging and Labels: Guide to Making Healthy Food Choices

These days, many consumers?pick foods depending on the attraction and temptation of the label on the front of the food packaging. However, these labels are often?full of marketing hype and can contain misleading claims. To become educated consumers, we should turn to the sides and back of the food product and read the labels carefully. There are many things that the labels can tell us, and we can use these to?help us pick nutritious and healthy items.


List of ingredients

Every packaged food provides a list of all?the ingredients contained in the food.?The ingredients are listed from greatest to smallest quantity.?


Serving size and amount per serving

A?section of the label, usually located on?the side of the container, provides information about?the serving sizes of the food. The serving size is a standard measure of the food used?for reference on the rest of the label. It is usually expressed in?grams or millilitres. The serving size is the amount of?the food that?the?average consumer eats, or that is recommended by the manufacturer.?

Note that one manufacturer of a food product may quote 'x' number of grams as one serving size, but another manufacturer of the same product may give '1.5x' as a serving size. It is also?important to note that the serving size used on food labels is different from the nutritionally recommended serving. For example, the serving size found on the label of a milk carton may be 100 mL, but the nutritionally recommended serving size for dairy is 250 mL.

The servings per container/pack is the number of servings found in the?package.

The nutritional information on the label lists the amount of energy (calories/kilojoules), fat, carbohydrates and so on found in the food. When interpreting this list, it is important to note whether the amount is given for the entire contents of the package,?for a?serving size, or for an arbitrary amount of food (e.g. 100 g or 100 mL).?


Energy content

The nutritional information on a food label?provides the amount of energy obtained from the product, expressed in calories or kilojoules. This helps us monitor the amount of fat we consume. It is recommended that no more than 30% of our daily energy comes from fat. Therefore, foods higher in fat should be eaten in smaller amounts.

For our weight to remain stable, the total amount of energy we consume must not exceed the total that we use up through metabolic processes (e.g. exercising, sweating and breathing). Energy intake must match energy output. The average energy intake is about 2800 cal/day for men, and about 1800 cal/day for women. However, these values vary with body size and activity level.


Percentage?of daily intake

Food product labelsSome nutritional information gives the percentage of the total recommended daily amount of a substance that is?found in?one serving of the food. Substances found in the?nutritional information include:

Sodium or salt: Note that sodium is not the same as salt. The full name for salt is sodium chloride, and?sodium is just one part of a salt molecule. To determine how much salt is in the food, multiply the sodium content by 2.5. No recommended daily intake of sodium has been established, but for adults, an adequate intake of sodium is 460–920 mg/day. You should not consume more than 2,300 mg/day of sodium.Cholesterol: No upper limit has been set for cholesterol intake, because any increase in cholesterol above zero also increases the risk of coronary heart disease.?Cholesterol is unavoidable in?most diets, but the recommendation is to?consume a low cholesterol diet that is nutritionally adequate.?Fat: It is recommended that 20–35% of the total energy you receive from food be in the form of fat. Saturated and trans fats together should be limited to no more than 10% of energy. One gram of fat yields about 9 cal. Therefore, the average total fat intake is about 70 g/day for men and 45 g/day for women.Carbohydrates:?The carbohydrate listed includes complex carbohydrates, starches,?non-digestible additives and sugar sweeteners. Carbohydrates should make up about 55% of total energy? intake. Carbohydrates should come mainly from low energy density and/or low glycaemic index foods. One gram of carbohydrate yields about 4 cal. Therefore, the average carbohydrate intake is about 380 g/day for men and 245 g/day for women.Fibre:?The recommended average intake of dietary fibre is 30 g/day for men and 25 g/day for women.Protein: The recommended daily intake of protein is?0.84 g/kg body weight/day for men and 0.75 g/kg body weight/day for women. This is roughly 64 g/day for men and 46 g/day for women.

Heart FoundationThe Heart Foundation has developed a red Tick of approval as part of the "Tick Program" to help people?make healthier food choices quickly and?easily. To earn the Tick, the food product must be tested by an independent laboratory team of experts. Routine checks are carried out to make sure they continue to meet the Tick's requirements.

All food products must comply with strict nutrient standards, which place limits on the amount of unhealthy ingredients contained in the product (e.g.?saturated fats, salts). Serving sizes are also monitored. Tick approved meals must contain at least one serving of vegetables, or contain a minimal amount of fibre. Tick approved meals always have?a nutritional information panel on the packaging that lists the ingredients that have been tested for in the product.

We must be careful that the Heart Foundation Tick is the real deal – there may be many other "ticks" on the packaging of products that are not necessarily endorsed by the Heart Foundation. Always look for the words "National Heart Foundation Approved" underneath the logo to?make sure you are buying truly healthy and nutritious products.

Misleading food packaging is everywhere, often preying on consumers who are seeking the healthiest option or looking to lose weight. It is important to be aware of this and scrutinise claims such as "light", "low fat" and "lite". Marketers may use the word 'light' to refer to the food's colour, taste or texture, rather than fat or calories.

Weight loss advertising is all around us, targeting people in the population who are looking for an easy solution. Unfortunately, there is no magic solution for weight loss. We must be careful about buying products claiming to help us lose weight without any effort, exercise or sacrifice. When something seems too good to be true, it probably is. In general, a claim is too good to be true if:

The product causes substantial weight loss regardless of how much we eat;The product causes weight loss for all users;Users are able to safely lose more than 1.5 kg per week for more than a month;The product promises weight loss of at least 1 kg each week, without having to diet or exercise;The product causes permanent weight loss, even when the user stops taking the product;The product blocks the absorption of fat or calories; orThe product causes weight loss by being worn on or over the body, or by being applied onto the skin.


Misleading package labelling has?lead the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to?release a standard set of definitions that food labels must adhere to. Some of the more commonly encountered terms include:

Light: The food must?have half the fat, half the salt or one-third the energy of its regular counterpart. The term can still be used to describe other properties of the food, like colour or texture; however, the label must clearly illustrate this (e.g. "light brown sugar", "light and creamy").Reduced, less, fewer:?To make such as claim, the product must contain at least 25% less of a particular nutrient or calories, compared to the regular product. Free, without, zero, no?(e.g. fat free,?no sugar): To be free of the particular substance, the food must not contain the substance, or must contain it only in?neglible amounts. A calorie free food product must have less than five calories per serving. Fat free foods should have less than half a gram of fat per serving.Low (e.g. low fat, low salt): May be used to describe products that do not exceed the recommended dietary guidelines for the product. For example: Low fat: < 3 g/serving.Low cholesterol: < 20 mg/servingLow sodium: < 140 mg/servingLow calorie: < 40 cal/servingLean: Used to describe the fat content of foods such as poultry, meat and seafood. A serving must have less than 10 g fat, 4.5 g saturated fat, and 95 mg cholesterol.Healthy: The food must contain less than 3 g fat and 60 mg cholesterol per serving.Good source of: This refers to foods that contain 10–19% of the daily recommended value of a particular nutrient.?High (e.g. high fibre): The food must contain at least 20% of the daily requirement for the nutrient.Fresh: This refers to foods that have not been?processed, cooked?or frozen (e.g. fresh fruits or vegetables). If a fresh food has been quickly frozen, it can be described as fresh frozen.


Fat free

Everywhere we look, we see the words "97% fat free" or "low fat" on all sorts of food products. Even foods that never contained any fat may have the words "completely fat free" on them.?But if you think that eating so-called "fat free" food?will help you?lose weight or keep you from gaining weight, then you may be misinformed. Something that is 99% fat free may contain 80% sugar. When we take into account the fat content of a product, we?must also?be aware of the total energy it contains, the amount of sugars present and the serving size.?

The amount of a food that you eat determines the total amount of energy you consume. If you consume more calories than?you burn, this results in weight gain.

Different serving sizes for similar products make it difficult to compare the energy and fat content of the two products. In other cases, products that are "low fat" have nearly the same amount of energy as their normal counterpart,?because the low fat product may have added suger or artificial flavourings to compensate for the lack of flavour.

These examples highlight the importance of reading the nutritional label on all food products, and not simply being tempted by the claims that the product is "97% fat free". The nutritional label is able to provide you with accurate information about the total contents of the food product and the size of the serving you should be consuming.


Misleading Claims

Misleading claimsMarketers have made many false claims in the past.?The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)?investigates misleading packaging of food items.?


Uncle Tobys fruit roll-ups?

An investigation by the ACCC in?September 2006?reviewed?claims?Uncle Tobys Foods had?made regarding their fruit roll-ups. These claims included:

Representations on the packaging and promotional material that the roll-ups were "made with 65% real fruit";Representations on the ingredients panel that the fruit content of the product was equivalent to a specified percentage of fresh fruit; andTelevision advertisements with images of an apple being flattened into a roll-up and an associated description.


Upon reviewing the information provided by Uncle Tobys, the ACCC was concerned that the representations made were likely to mislead or deceive consumers. Uncle Tobys responded by offering to remove or alter the misleading representations by changing the product's advertising, packaging and ingredients list.


Just Squeezed fruit juices

In March 2006, the ACCC reviewed products from the Just Squeezed Fruit Juices Group,?in particular the product labels and the?content of?fruit juice. The ACCC thought that the prominent placement of the words "Just Squeezed" on the labels, in addition to the images of fruit and the words "orange juice" and "apple juice", conveyed to the customer that each product was produced directly from the fruit shown on the labels and did not contain reconstituted juice. However, the juices did in fact contain varying portions of reconstituted juice.

In response, Just Squeezed changed the packaging,?changing the words "Just Squeezed" to "Just Delicious", and published an apology in a national newspaper.


Ribena?

Ribena has also been under the public scrutiny in recent times, after a claim that its range of products did not contain the advertised amount of vitamin C. The manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline Australia,?conceded that claims about the vitamin C content of Ribena blackcurrant fruit drink products may have misled consumers. The company self-reported the discrepancies to the ACCC, which identified the representations that?may have misled consumers:

Representations on the nutritional information panel of Ribena Ready to Drink fruit drinks that claimed the products contained certain quantities of vitamin C, when in fact they had significantly less vitamin C; andAdvertising for Ribena fruit drinks that "the blackcurrants in Ribena contain four times the vitamin C of oranges" incorrectly implied that Ribena fruit drinks contained four times the vitamin C of comparable orange juice products.


As a result, GlaxoSmithKline Australia agreed to:

Only make claims about the vitamin C content of Ribena Ready to Drink fruit drinks if those claims could be substantiated by validated testing methods;Stop making any representation that Ribena fruit drinks contain four times the vitamin C of orange juice products;Stop making any representation that Ribena fruit drinks contain more vitamin C than orange juice products, unless this can be proven;Place a notice in shops selling Ribena fruit drinks advising consumers of the misleading information;Publish notices on Ribena websites advising consumers of the misleading information; and Review, and make recommended changes to, its trade practices law compliance program.

ShoppingAlways take into account the nutrient breakdown of a product when you?look at the nutritional information on food. Try?to choose foods that are low in fat, sugar and salt.

Fats may be saturated or unsaturated fats - products with a higher amount of unsaturated fat are the more healthy option. High levels of saturated fats have been associated with increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and clogging of the arteries. Products which contain high amounts of saturated fats, which should be avoided, include: butter, cheese, and fats on cuts of meat. Whereas it is not possible to consume totally fat free diets (certain fats are essential for health and contain vitamins) we have to monitor the amount of fats that we consume.

Many people consume diets that are high in fats. It is often easy to spot foods which have obvious amounts of fat, such as fat on cuts of meat, deep fried foods and in spreads such as butter, but there is also a lot of hidden fats in foods like pies, cakes, biscuits, burgers and sausages. These foods should be avoided or eaten in moderation, where possible. Checking the labels on these foods and choosing lower fat options will help reduce the total amount of fats consumed. Increased amounts of salt can result in an overall increase in blood pressure, and accumulation of excess amounts of water in the body. Longer-term consequences include an increased risk of stroke and heart disease. You should try and reduce your salt intake by picking low salt foods, or those with no added salt.

Sugars and foods containing added sugar should be consumed in moderation - sugars add calories to our total energy intake, and can also replace foods which provide us with important nutrients. Many foods often contain hidden sugars. For example, we may think we are choosing a healthy option by picking museli bars and cereals to consume during the day. However, some museli bars and cereals contain high amounts of sugar, so it is important to read the labels on the back of foods that usually fit into the healthy category.

Glycaemic Index (GI) is a measure of the effect that a carbohydrate containing food has on blood sugar levels, compared to the effect of the same amount of pure sugar, on blood sugar levels. Foods with a low GI (less than 55) means that they cause a slower and lower rise in blood sugar levels. These include: breads such as mixed-grain and fruit and oat breads, barley, pasta, noodles, beans, sweet potatoes, green peas and milk. Foods with a high GI (greater than 70) means that they cause a faster and higher rise in blood sugar levels. High GI foods include: white bread, brown rice, jasmine rice, French fries and coffee. Limiting your intake of high GI foods will help bring down the average GI of your meal and prevent marked surges in blood sugar.

It is recommended that we try to consume foods that have a low GI - apart from a slower and lower rise in blood sugar levels, these foods are often also more healthy and nutritious. If you suffer from diabetes, research has shown that by eating a diet with a lower GI and rich in healthy, nutritious foods, diabetics can reduce their average blood sugar levels. This results in a lowered risk of complications in the long term, such as eye, kidney and nerve damage.

There are many factors that affect the GI of a food. These include: the types of sugar in the food, the way it is prepared, the type of starch, and it's fat and fibre content. Although you don't have to avoid all high GI foods, you should try and combine them with low or intermediate GI foods when possible.

Nutrition?
For more information on nutrition, including information on?types and composition of food, nutrition and people, conditions related to nutrition, and diets and recipes, as well as some useful videos and tools, see Nutrition.?Ribena vitamin C claims 'may have misled consumers' [online]. Canberra, ACT: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission;?21 March 2007?[cited 13 May 2007]. Available from: URL linkLabel interpretation [online]. Barton, ACT: Food Standars Australia New Zealand; 2003 [cited 25 April 2007]. Available from: URL linkDwyer J. Nutritional requirements and dietary assessment. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (15th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing; 2001. [Book] Food label [online]. Silver Spring, MD:?US Food and Drug Administration;?1999 [cited 26 April 2007]. Available from:?URL link?Healthy eating guidelines [online]. Food Facts; 2006 [cited 18 April 2007]. Available from: URL linkLongmore JM, Hope RA, Longmore M, et al (eds).?Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001. [Book]Eating out with the Heart Foundation Tick [online]. Deakin, ACT: National Heart Foundation of Australia;?2004 [cited 12 May 2007]. Available from: URL link Rolled up and squeezed out: ACCC cracks down on food packaging claims [online].?Sydney, NSW: Allens Arthur Robinson;?December 2006 [cited 26 April 2007]. Available from: URL linkNutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand [online]. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council; 13 December 2006 [cited 27 January 2009]. Available from: URL linkDietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids [online]. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 2005 [cited 12 May 2007]. Available from: URL link
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Wednesday, June 19, 2013

Healthy Chicken Curry

Number of servings: 4

1 teaspoon canola oil1 large onion diced1 teaspoon of minced chilli1 clove of garlic1 tablespoon curry powder200 grams skinless chicken breast fillets, fat trimmed, diced2 large green capsicums, cores removed, roughly diced100 ml coconut milk, reduced fat1 chicken stock cube50 grams ground peanuts25 grams finely chopped fresh corianderSalt and pepper to taste

Preparation time: 10 Minutes
Cooking time: 25 minutes
Difficulty rating: Easy

Heat the oil in a non-stick saucepan;Fry the onion, chilli, garlic and curry powder until the onions become transparent;Add the chicken breast fillets and fry until lightly browned;Add the capsicums, stock cube and coconut milk. Cover and cook for about 10 minutes, until the capsicums are soft;Stir in the ground peanuts and coriander;Serve immediately.

Tips:

Serve this curry with brown rice for a tasty, fibre rich meal. Wholegrain cereals like brown rice contain more fibre than processed grains like white rice and bread. Fibre should be eaten every day and is used by the gastrointestinal system to digest food;Look for raw curry powder, or curry powder with no added ingredients to make this meal gluten free;Serve with a cucumber, yoghurt and mint salad. All salad vegetables are excellent sources of vitamins and minerals which help protect the body;Leave the peanuts out if you’re trying to reduce your fat and calorie intake. Peanuts are an excellent source of protein; however, they also contain a lot of fat. Although peanuts contain unsaturated fat which is healthier than saturated fat, they nonetheless contain a lot of calories. Over half the fat and more than a quarter of the calories in this recipe come from the peanuts alone;If you have trouble consuming enough calcium substitute coconut milk for low fat yoghurt. It gives a slightly different taste but will provide additional calcium to help keep your teeth and bones healthy. This may be a particularly good idea for people with increased calcium needs including:

Nutritional analysis per serve:

Nutrition

For more information on nutrition, including information on?types and composition of food, nutrition and people, conditions related to nutrition, and diets and recipes, as well as some useful videos and tools, see?Nutrition.?
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Saturday, June 15, 2013

Healthy Sexual Relationships

Healthy sexual relationship Play video on sex.Watch a video on Sex

Having a healthy sex life and relationship are important parts of your overall health and wellbeing. The majority of adults experience sexual difficulties or health problems at some point. Sexually transmitted infections (including human immunodeficiency virus or HIV) and unwanted pregnancy are the most common sexual threats to physical health. There are also a range of emotional factors which can affect your sexual health and the health of your sexual relationship.

Most societies hold expectations about when, how often and with whom individuals should have sex (e.g. heterosexual vs homosexual, and casual vs steady relationships). These expectations generally vary considerably from individuals' sexual practices, desires and experiences, leading many to believe that what they want or do in a sexual relationship is abnormal or unhealthy.

Healthy sexual relationshipsAccording to the World Health Organisation, "sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social wellbeing in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity."

A healthy sexual relationship, therefore, is one in which the individuals involved are physically and psychologically content with the frequency and nature of sexual encounters. A healthy sexual relationship should involve protection against STIs and unwanted pregnancy (e.g. through condom use), be free of coercion, sexual assault, rape, discrimination, violence and pain. All individuals involved should be aware of their rights to stop sexual encounters at any time and feel confident to discuss and initiate sexual activities as they desire. Healthy sexual relationships may involve periods of abstinence, when sex is not desired or when the desired sexual partner is not available.

In terms of the types and frequency of sexual engagement, however, there is no recipe for a healthy sexual relationship. Peoples' sexual desires, perspectives and histories vary considerably. What is positive and healthy in one relationship may have negative health impacts in another.

Australians engage in a wide variety of sexual behaviours in addition to penetrative. A study of the sexual practices of over 20,000 adult Australian men and women found that:

65% of men and 35% of women had masturbated in the four weeks prior to being interviewed, and 12% and 14% respectively had used a sex toy37% of men and 16% ofwomen watched X-rated movies 17%of men and 2% ofwomen visited internet sex sites (on purpose!) 17% of men and 14% of women engaged in anal stimulation Nearly 10% of women and over 5% of men reported a homosexual experienceAround 4% of men and women reported engaging in roleplay, 2% in bondage and 4.5% in anal-oral stimulation.


Clearly there is no normal set of sexual behaviours in Australia and all of the sexual practices listed above are healthy, as long as the individuals involved feel comfortable with them.

Physical health risks in sexual relationships

Unhealthy sexual relationshipAll sexual relationships involve the risk of unwanted pregnancy and STI.While condoms and other contraceptives mean both these threats can be avoided, they are still common in Australian society. Around 20% of Australian men and 17% of Australia women who participated in the Australian Study of Health and Relationships (ASHR) reported having had an STI at some point in their life. More than 2% of men and women reported anSTI in the year prior to the survey. Many Australians do not have a good knowledge of how STIs are transmitted, or the health consequences of them.

While the use of hormonal contraceptives in Australia is high (around 95% of sexually active, fertile women use them), over 20% of women surveyed reported terminating one or more pregnancies in their life.The proportion of Australians using condoms in steady relationships (7.1% and 22.5% respectively for cohabiting and noncohabiting relationships) and casual encounters (41.4%) remains low. Amongst heterosexuals, condoms are usually used to prevent pregnancy rather than STI.

Sexual relationships that involved physical violence, sexual coercion and/or rape are also unhealthy. Unfortunately violence, sexual coercion and rape are common in Australia. Because many people do not report to the police when someone they love abuses them sexually or physically, it is impossible to say exactly how many people have experienced this type of treatment. In the ASHR, one in five women and one in twenty men reported that they had been coerced to have sex. If you are in a relationship where your partner hurts you physically, makes threats or forces you to have sex, talk to a health professional so that you can find support to leave or improve the relationship. Your doctor will be able to refer you to an appropriate specialist.


Psychological health risks in sexual relationships

Psychological factors influence the way an individual feels about their sexual relationships. In every society, particular sexual behaviours are considered more and less acceptable, and those who engage in socially less acceptable (but nonetheless common) sexual practices may experience guilt or discrimination as a result. Sexual relationships generally involve strong positive emotions (e.g. love), but many relationships also involve negative emotional aspects. Physical violence, coercion to engage in sex, and rape have longterm psychological impacts. People who have been sexually abused on average report more sexual difficulties than those that have not been.You should be aware of your right to say no to unwanted sexual encounters (whether or not they involve penetrative sex, touching, kissing or other behaviours), as well as your right to engage in sexual practices you desire (as long as these don't violate the sexual rights of others).

?

Sexual difficulties are extremely common amongst Australian men and women and are often associated with psychological factors (e.g. women who report dissatisfaction with relationships can also be more likely to report difficulty achieving adequate vaginal lubrication). The ASHR noted thatthe majority of women (70%) and around a quarter of men reported a lack of sexual desire, and significant proportions of both sexes experienced sexual difficulties at some point in the year before the survey took place.

Considerable proportions of women reported experiencing lack of interest in sex (54.8%), lack of sexual enjoyment (27.3%), feeling selfconscious of their body while having sex (35.9%), performance anxiety (17%), being unable to reach orgasm (28.6%), pain during sex (20.3%) and problems with vaginal lubrication (23.9%). Physical pain, selfconsciousness of body and performance anxiety were more common amongst younger women, while the lack of interest and desire to have sex and inability to orgasm and lubricate were reported by more older women.

A significant proportion of men also reported lack of interest in sex (24.9%). Other common sexual difficulties for men included erectile disorder (9.5%), being unable to orgasm (6.3%), premature ejaculation (23.8%), performance anxiety (16%), not finding sex pleasurable (5.6%) and selfconsciousness about their bodies (14.2%). Men under 20 were more likely to report performance anxiety or selfconsciousness than their older counterpart; the likelihood of other sexual difficulties in men increased with age.

Importantly, sexual difficulties experienced by your partner can have a negative impact on your sexual function.While studies are limited, it has been shown that male sexual dysfunction can negatively impact the sexual function of female partners. A study comparing the sexual function of women with partners with erectile dysfunction to those without showed that sexual arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, pain and total score were significantly lower in those who had partners with erectile dysfunction. Later in that study, a large proportion of the men with erectile dysfunction underwent treatment. Following treatment, sexual arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain were all significantly increased. It was concluded that female sexual function is impacted by male erection status, which may improve following treatment of male sexual dysfunction.

Healthy sexual relationshipMany things that you do every day will affect your sexual relationship (e.g. going to work, being pregnant, looking after children and drinking alcohol).Stress and anxiety reduce sexual desire and pleasure for men and women. Many people suffer from stress related to their work, their children or other aspects of their life (e.g. one-off events like a death in the family).

Having children has also been shown to influence sexuality. In the period immediately after childbirth, this is mainly related to hormonal changes in women. As children grow up, stress, fatigue and the responsibility of looking after kids all tend to reduce libido.

Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol also affects your sex life. After drinking alcohol, men are less likely to maintain an erection than when they have not consumed alcohol.

If you feel that your sexual relationship is unhealthy, perhaps you need to think, and talk to your partner about, how these lifestyle issues might affect you.

In order to be healthy, your sexual relationship must fulfill your sexual desires and those of your partner/s. While there is no recipe for a healthy relationship, these tips may help you improve or maintain the health of your relationship:

Use contraceptives to protect against unwanted pregnancy.Use condoms to protect against STIs, especially if you have more than one sexual partner or have casual sexual partners.If you or your partner has trouble maintaining an erection, talk to a health professional about whether or not medication will help.If you or your partner has trouble with vaginal lubrication, try using a water-based lubricant, available over the counter at a pharmacy or supermarket.Healthy sexual relationshipRemember that many physical sexual difficulties may be caused by psychological factors (e.g. if you have trouble lubricating or maintaining an erection, it may be due to dissatisfaction with your relationship or anxiety about sex, not a biological condition). See Sex Therapy for more information.Remember that a wide variety of sexual practices are normal, including homosexual behaviours, masturbation and use of visual sexual stimuli.Consider trying these in addition to, or instead of, what you currently do if you are not satisfied with your sexual relationship.Sex can also include intimate behaviour without genital contact (e.g. kissing and cuddling). This should be an important part of sexual relationships.Talk to your partner. Be open and honest about your desires and level of satisfaction and try not to be judgmental when your partner is discussing their desires.Talk to a health professional (e.g. a sex therapist, marriage counselor or psychologist) about aspects of your sexual relationship you would like to improve.Never use violence or other forms of intimidation to coerce a partner to engage in a particular sexual practice and be aware of your right to say no to sexual practices you are not comfortable with (even if you have done them before).

Testosterone
For more information on testosterone deficiency disorders and replacement therapy treatment, see Testosterone Deficiency.

? Richters J, Grulich AE, de Visser RO, et al. Sex in Australia: Sexual difficulties in a representative sample of adults. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):164-70. [Abstract]Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health 28-31 January, 2002, Geneva [online]. Geneva: World Health Organization; December 2006 [cited 30 July 2008]. Available from: URL linkRichters J, Grulich AE, de Visser RO, et al. Sex in Australia: Autoerotic, esoteric and other sexual practices engaged in by a representative sample of adults. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):180-90. [Abstract]de Visser RO, Smith AMA, Rissel CE, et al. Sex in Australia: Safer sex and condom use among a representative sample of adults. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):223-9. [Abstract]de Visser RO, Smith AMA, Rissel CE, et al. Sex in Australia: Experiences of sexual coercion among a representative sample of adults. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003;27(2):198-203. [Abstract]Grulich AE, de Visser RO, Smith AMA, et al. Sex in Australia: Sexually transmissible infection and blood-borne virus history in a representative sample of adults. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):234-41. [Abstract]Smith MA, Rissel CE, Richters J, et al. Sex in Australia: Reproductive experiences and reproductive health among a representative sample of women. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):204-9. [Abstract]Grulich AE, de Visser RO, Smith AMA, et al. Sex in Australia: Knowledge about sexually transmissible infections and blood-borne viruses in a representative sample of adults. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):230-3. [Abstract]Richters J, Grulich AE, de Visser RO, et al. Sex in Australia: Contraceptive practices among a representative sample of women. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003;27(2):210-6. [Abstract]DeJudicibus MA, McCabe MP. Psychological factors and the sexuality of pregnant and postpartum women. J Sex Res. 2002 May;39(2):94-103. [Abstract]Slowinski J. Sexual problems and dysfunctions in men. In: Owens AF, Tepper M (eds). Sexual Health: State-of-the-art treatments and research (Volume 4). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing; 2007. [Publisher]Cayan S, Bozlu M, Canpolat B, Akbay E. The assessment of sexual functions in women with male partners complaining of erectile dysfunction: Does treatment of male sexual dysfunction improve female partner's sexual functions? J Sex Marital Ther. 2004;30(5):333-41. [Abstract]
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Tuesday, June 11, 2013

Food for Healthy Skin

Many people are concerned with not only their general health, but the health of their skin as well. Getting the best nutrition you can is essential for maintaining healthy skin. Indeed, though it is impossible to prevent the process of ageing skin, good nutrition can help maintain an attractive complexion.

Human skin requires nutrients to flourish. These can be obtained from a healthy diet and through multivitamin supplementation. There is no doubt that your wellbeing, including skin health, can be enhanced by eating healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and fish. The use of supplements (e.g. vitamin A) can also help maintain healthy skin.

Scientific studies have shown that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, yoghurt, eggs, vegetable oils, whole grains, tea and water results in less photo-ageing and skin wrinkling than diets that include red meat, whole milk, butter, sugary products and potatoes. To better appreciate the role diet plays in maintaining healthy skin, a basic understanding of how free radicals destroy our cells and how antioxidants work to protect against cell damage will be useful.

Free radicals are atoms or molecules with odd (unpaired) electrons that are usually highly reactive. Free radicals are generated in our bodies during normal metabolism. They can also be created by your body's immune system in its attempt to fight against viruses and bacteria. Sometimes, environmental factors such as pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke and herbicides can also trigger the formation of free radicals.

The damaging effect of free radicals accumulates as one grows older. Free radicals can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. As the skin ages, its main components oxidise due to exposure to free radical oxygen molecules. These oxygen molecules have lost an electron from natural metabolic processes, and are in continuous search for weaker cells of the body to take up one of their electrons. Once a healthy cell has lost an electron, it becomes weakened. Free radicals can cause extensive DNA damage over time, causing the cells to die and the organism to age.

Antioxidants are chemicals that protect cells by neutralising the effects of factors such as the sun, pollution, wind, temperature, emotions, metabolism and excess oxygen. Common antioxidants are vitamins A, C, E, and beta carotene. The special function of antioxidants is to protect your cells by fighting free radicals. They engulf free radical cells, thereby counteracting their attacks and eliminating them from the body.

Antioxidants strengthen cells and make them more resistant to free radical attacks on their electrons. They protect collagen and elastin cells from being destroyed, and also help to prevent cell and tissue damage that could lead to cellular damage and disease. Antioxidants neutralise the effect of free radicals by donating one of their own electrons, thereby curtailing the electron-seeking behaviour of free radicals. They don't become free radicals as a result of donating an electron because of their inherent stability.

The cellular damage caused by free radicals makes cells more susceptible to attack from bacteria and other factors that trigger the ageing process. The efficiency with which the body deals with free radicals is an important factor in determining the longevity and health of body cells.

How does the body handle free radicals? Fortunately, some nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and others nourish the skin. These nutrients can be obtained as supplements, from your diet, or can be applied directly to the skin.


Vitamin A

SpinachVitamin A?protects against photodamage, which results from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays (e.g. from the sun). Photodamage contributes to premature ageing and cellulite (i.e. loss of skin elasticity). Vitamin A promotes the growth of collagen, which keeps skin firm and wrinkle-free, and so helps fight sunburn damage. Vitamin A has a unique role in promoting skin health, as it suppresses the glands that produce oils and decreases the occurrence of acne. It is also responsible for the growth and regeneration of skin cells, which help form the protective layers of the skin. These protective layers guard against certain skin conditions and diseases, such as psoriasis and dry skin. Vitamin A is therefore necessary for the maintenance and repair of skin tissue. Consequently, poor vitamin A status may lead to a dry, flaky complexion.

Yellow fruits and leafy green vegetables are rich sources of vitamin A. Additionally, applying creams containing vitamin A to the skin can enhance healthy skin and help control acne.


Vitamin B complex

Of all the B vitamins, biotin (vitamin B7)?is the single most important found in the skin. Biotin deficiency may cause dermatitis (an itchy, scaly skin reaction). Biotin is abundant in many foods, including bananas, eggs, oatmeal and rice. The body is also able to make some biotin on its own.

Topical cream preparations containing B vitamins can help give skin an almost instant healthy glow, while hydrating cells and increasing overall tone. Niacin (vitamin B3)?in particular helps skin retain moisture, so creams containing this nutrient can help your complexion look plumper and younger in a very short time. Niacin also has anti-inflammatory properties that can soothe dry, irritated skin. In higher concentrations, it can also work as a lightening agent to even out blotchy skin tone. Applying topical vitamin B has been shown to dramatically improve ageing in human skin.


Vitamin C

Your body?cannot make?its own vitamin C, but it is necessary for collagen maintenance. The main components that support the structure of the skin,?collagen and elastin, are destroyed by?free radicals, leading to the development of wrinkles.

Getting enough?vitamin C will therefore help?maintain healthy skin. Rich sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits and vegetables such as oranges, lime and lemon. Strawberries, tomatoes, sweet peppers, green peas, bell peppers, broccoli, cauliflower and leafy greens are also good sources.

You may also apply topical vitamin C cream to stimulate collagen production. The best creams for healthy skin are formulations that contain the L-ascorbic acid form of vitamin C, the only form that can penetrate skin layers and enhance collagen production.


Vitamin E

Vitamin E is an antioxidant that can help protect the fat component of the skin from the damaging effects of free radicals.?Applying?body lotions that contain vitamin E can help?protect against the effects of sun exposure, and can soothe dry, rough skin. In combination with vitamin C, vitamin E also provides protection from the damaging effect of ultraviolet (UV light). Additionally, factors associated with DNA damage in the skin appear to be reduced with improved?antioxidant vitamins status.?Vitamin E helps slow down the conversion of soluble collagen, which is predominant in youthful skin, into insoluble collagen, which is?characteristic of ageing skin. Supplementation with natural vitamin E?can improve skin texture.

Rich dietary sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils, peanuts, seeds (e.g.?sunflower), olives, broccoli, spinach and asparagus.

Supplementation with vitamin E may be necessary to help you get enough vitamin E. However, large doses of vitamin E can be harmful and should be avoided. To be on the safe side, the recommended daily intake of vitamin E is 400 IU or less.?

Nutrition for healthy skinMinerals that have an important role in maintaining healthy skin include selenium, copper and zinc.


Selenium

Selenium is a mineral antioxidant that will help minimise?damage?caused by?ultraviolet light. Scientific evidence suggests that selenium plays a key role in skin cancer prevention. Taken either as a supplement or used in a cream, this mineral helps protect skin from sun damage. If you spend any time in the sun, selenium could help reduce your chance of burning.

The best dietary sources of selenium include tuna, wheat germ, sesame seeds, nuts, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, mushrooms,?whole grain cereals, seafood, garlic and eggs.


Copper

In the presence of vitamin C and zinc, copper helps promote elastin growth. Research shows that applying copper-rich creams can make the skin firm and help restore some elasticity. However, copper deficiency is rare, and?supplemental copper could cause problems.


Zinc

Zinc is a mineral that helps maintain collagen and elastin fibres, thereby helping to prevent sagging and wrinkles. It also links together amino acids needed to form collagen.

Taken in the diet or used topically, zinc works to clear skin by taming oil production. It may be effective in controlling the formation of acne lesions, or help clear?those already on your skin.

Food sources of zinc include eggs, seafood, turkey, pork, whole grains, nuts, mushrooms, oysters, lean meat and poultry.

Apart from vitamins and minerals, other nutrients also play important roles in maintaining healthy skin.


Alpha-lipoic acid

Alpha-lipoic acid is a powerful antioxidant, more potent than either vitamin C or E. Skin experts consider alpha-lipoic to be special because of its ability to penetrate both oil and water, affecting skin cells from both the inside and the outside of the body. It helps prevent skin cell damage caused by free radicals in the same way that vitamins C and E do.?Alpha-lipoic acid also helps other vitamins work more effectively to rebuild skin cells damaged by the?environment.

Alpha-lipoic acid is available in supplements or in creams.


Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE)

Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) is a naturally occurring substance that helps synthesise?a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. It also stimulates the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, an important component of cell membranes. Some studies have reported that DMAE lowers the cellular accumulation of lipofuscin,?a brown pigment that consists of clustered chunks of molecular waste and tends to accumulate in the cells of older people. DMAE causes a small?amount of skin tightening, possibly?by stabilising cell membranes, boosting?acetylcholine, or?reducing lipofuscin; however, the exact mechanism is unclear. It is also another powerful antioxidant, and appears?to have?a positive impact on both wrinkles and facial sag. Though DMAE may not be able to reverse facial sagging, it can reduce its progression. However, a study has raised concerns regarding the safety of topical application of DMAE, as it may be toxic to cells.

DMAE is available in supplements and in topical creams. Dietary sources of DMAE include anchovies and sardines.


Hyaluronic acid

Hyaluronic acid is made by your body. Its main function is to lubricate joints so that the knees, elbows, fingers and toes all move smoothly and easily. It also?has the ability to hold skin cells together, keeping skin looking smoother and younger. It can hold up to 1,000 times its weight of water, thereby helping skin cells remain?moist.

This nutrient is not readily available in food, but it is included in some topical creams.


Essential fatty acids (EFAs)

SalmonEssential fatty acids (EFAs) play?an important role in cell structure so every organ of the body, including the skin, is susceptible to the effects of EFA deficiency. Lack of EFAs crucial to the production of the skin's natural oil barrier can cause dry, easily inflamed?skin. Without an adequate supply of EFAs, the skin produces a more irritating form of sebum, which can result in problems.

There are two main families of EFAs: omega 6 fatty acids (e.g. linoleic acid), and omega 3 fatty acids (e.g. alpha-linolenic acid).

Important roles of omega 3 fatty acids include:

Strengthening and increasing the fluidity of the delicate cell membrane, thereby ensuring a healthy, strong cell membrane that keeps toxins out and brings nutrients in. This helps block harmful substances but allow nutrients?to enter skin cells.Reducing the body's production of inflammatory agents that have the potential to damage skin.Encouraging the production of strong collagen and elastin fibres.Increasing blood flow by thinning the blood and improving the elasticity of red blood cells, thus providing more oxygen to nourish the skin.Keeping the skin hydrated, thereby helping to prevent dry skin and other skin conditions.

By itself, linoleic acid (LA)?has no real benefit on the body?until it is further converted to gamma-linoleic acid?(GLA). Once formed, GLA is quickly converted into prostaglandin. This process is adversely affected by stress, pollution, alcohol consumption, cigarettes, poor diet and an excess of saturated fats. These can all slow down or inhibit the conversion of LA to GLA. GLA is known to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect on the skin, and?relieves dry skin and chronic skin disorders (e.g. eczema, psoriasis).

Prostaglandins are hormone-like messengers that play a role in the regulation of a variety of body functions. Prostaglandin E1 affects cell growth, the reproductive cycle, the immune system and skin.

A balanced intake of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?will help maintain a healthy and younger looking skin. A 1:1 ratio of omega 6?to omega 3 fatty acid?is ideal, though most typical diets do not meet this.?Omega 6 fatty acids are easily obtained from foods such as baked products, vegetable cooking oils, poultry and?grains. Cold-water fish, including salmon, sardines, and mackerel are rich in omega 3 fatty acids. Salmon is also rich in protein, potasium, selenium and vitamin B12. Therefore, eating more salmon will help keep the skin supple and youthful.


Green tea

Polyphenols are compounds that eliminate cancer-causing free radicals. Green tea is a rich source of these compounds. It is also rich in nutrients (e.g. vitamins C, D and K, riboflavin, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron) that play important roles?in reducing inflammation and protecting cell membranes.

Some foods trigger certain reactive products that tend to impair healthy skin. Of all known foods, white sugar and white flour have the greatest potential to cause ageing skin. White sugar is very inflammatory to the body and creates a high number of free radicals. Components of flour products such as bakery goods will stick in your skin and prevent nutrients from nourishing the cells. This leads to poor skin quality and a weakened immune defense?against free radicals. Saturated fats may also result in clogged and infected pores.

Nutrition for healthy skinHealthy skin is considered a good indicator of inside health. Putting expensive creams, lotions and treatments on the outside of your body can't really provide solutions to problems emanating from nutritional deficiencies inside your body. Consuming?the right foods and avoiding the wrong ones can reveal beautiful, youthful-looking skin without incurring?the large costs of?expensive cosmetics.

Some healthy foods that can boost your nutritional status and consequently give you a healthy glowing skin include:

Foods rich in vitamin A: Low fat dairy products?are rich in vitamins A and D. Animal products (e.g. liver)?and plants (e.g. yellow/orange fruits and vegetables such as carrot and cantaloupe) have a precursor of vitamin A called beta carotene. Watermelon and tomatoes are good sources of lycopene (a type?of beta carotene). Therefore, diets that include plenty of dark orange (e.g. carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash) and dark green (e.g. broccoli, spinach, kale) vegetables will provide a high amount of vitamin A.Fruits containing antioxidants: E.g.?strawberries, blueberries and plums. Olive oil: Rich in omeaga 3 fatty acids.Green iced tea: Contains valuable antioxidants. Beauty and health?

For more information on how to stay healthy and beautiful, including information about nutrition, smoking and cosmetics, see Beauty and Health.

Nutrition?For more information on nutrition, including information on?types and composition of food, nutrition and people, conditions related to nutrition, and diets and recipes, as well as some useful videos and tools, see Nutrition.?

Cadenas E, Packer L (eds). Understanding the Process of Aging: The Role of Mitochondria, Free Radicals, and Antioxidants. New York: CRC Press; 1999.Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87(23): 1767-76.Shah NS, Lazarus MC, Bugdodel R, Hsia SL, He J, Duncan R, et al. The effects of topical vitamin K on bruising after laser treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002; 47(2): 241-4.Heinrich U, Gartner C, Wiebusch M, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronnier H, et al. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J Nutr. 2003; 133(1): 98-101.Poster?Exhibits of the?61st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology: San Francisco, 2003 [online]. American Academy of Dermatology. 3 June 2003 [cited 16 September 2007]. Available from URL: http://www.aad.org/ meetings/ previous/ _doc/ Posters_2003 Annual Meeting.pdf Placzek M, Gaube S, Kerkmann U, Gilbertz KP, Herzinger T, Haen E, et al. Ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage in human epidermis is modified by the antioxidants ascorbic acid and D-alpha-tocopherol.?J Invest Dermatol. 2005; 124(2): 304-7.Burke KE, Combs GF Jr, Gross EG, Bhuyan KC, Abu-Libdeh H. The effects of topical and oral L-selenomethionine on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation.?Nutr Cancer. 1992; 17(2): 123-37.Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial.?JAMA. 1996; 276(24): 1957-63.Poster?Exhibits of the?60th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology: New Orleans, 2002 [online]. American Academy of Dermatology.?2?November 2002 [cited 16 September 2007]. Available from URL: http://www.aad.org/ meetings/ previous/ _doc/ Posters_2002 Annual Meeting.pdf Perricone N, Nagy K, Horvath F, Dajko G, Uray I, Zs-Nagy I. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) protects proteins against the hydroxyl free radical-induced alterations: Rationale for its geriatric topical application.?Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1999; 29(1): 45-56.Grossman R. The role of dimethylaminoethanol in cosmetic dermatology. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005; 6(1): 39-47.Morissette G, Germain L, Marceau F. The antiwrinkle effect of topical concentrated 2-dimethylaminoethanol involves a vacuolar cytopathology. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 156(3): 433-9.Ando H, Ryu A, Hashimoto A, Oka M, Ichihashi M. Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1998; 290(7): 375-81.Boelsma E, Hendriks HF, Roza L. Nutritional skin care: Health effects of micronutrients and fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001; 73(5): 853-64.
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Thursday, June 6, 2013

Healthy and Safe Sex on New Years Eve

Sex on New Year's EveNew Year's Eve is traditionally associated with all-night parties. For many people it may involve a midnight kiss and subsequent sexual activity. Sex will sometimes occur with a new partner whose STI status is unknown. In these circumstances sex carries a risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV infection, in addition to the usual risk of unplanned pregnancy. Because a lot of people drink alcohol on New Year's Eve and binge drinking is also common, New Year's Eve sex might occur when the partners are intoxicated. In these circumstances the risk of STI and pregnancy is increased, because intoxication reduces inhibitions and makes individuals less likely to use condoms to protect themselves during sex.

Healthy sex is sex that avoids the risk of physical and psychological health problems, including STIs, unplanned pregnancy and psychological health problems. For individuals in stable, monogamous relationships, there are several ways to prevent pregnancy and STI. For example, women in a stable relationship might use a long term method of contraception such as oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy. Couples in a stable relationship might also visit a health centre to screen for STIs and HIV. In a situation where both members of the couple are STI free and only have sex with each other, it is safe to have sex without using a condom, although they may still wish to use a condom as a contraceptive measure.

For individuals who do not know the STI and HIV status of their partners, using a male or female condom every time they have oral, anal and vaginal intercourse is the only way to effectively prevent infection from an STI. While there is still a small risk of STI when using a condom (e.g. if it breaks or slips off, or if the STI can be transmitted through contact with infected skin, such as with genital warts), the risk is greatly reduced. When used correctly and consistently, condoms provide 95% protection against HIV infection. Condoms also provide highly effective (98%) contraceptive protection when used consistently and correctly, and thus can also prevent unwanted pregnancy.

There are a number of risks associated with having unhealthy sex on New Year's Eve (or at any other time of year). These include:

Unplanned pregnancy: Unplanned pregnancy?can cause considerable emotional stress and also has significant health consequences, as women who are not planning to fall pregnant may not have undergone preconception care to prepare their bodies for a pregnancy;STIs: Includes Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhoea and genital herpes. These STIs are all curable, but may cause discomfort and pain until they are treated. Treatment requires health centre visits and the cost of purchasing medicines;HIV infection:?HIV is a?serious and incurable STI that leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?and ultimately death;Emotional health problems: Emotional problems may relate to concerns about possible pregnancy and STI, but may also be caused by confusion and guilt over having sex. Emotional health problems might also arise if the sex involved coercion, or if one of the partners was excessively drunk.

Sex on New Year's EveThere are many ways to make sex on New Year's Eve (or any time of year) healthier. For individuals who are in stable relationships, ensuring that a permanent method of contraception is being used (or another method is available for those who do not wish to use permanent methods), that both partners have undergone STI screening,?and both partners are monogamous can effectively prevent pregnancy and STI infection. For individuals who?have sex with a casual partner on New Year's Eve, other measures are necessary to avoid the health risks of sex. These include:

Using a condom correctly every time you have oral, anal or vaginal sex;Carrying condoms with you regardless of whether you are male or female,?and even if you are not planning to have sex – you may change your mind over the course of the night, and finding a free supply or outlet to purchase condoms on New Year's Eve may be difficult. Condoms should be stored in a cool place; they are more likely to break or tear if?exposed to heat, so do not?store condoms in hot places (e.g.?the glovebox of a car, or a wallet) for long periods of time. It's also very important to check the expiry date of the condom before using it;Avoiding getting drunk. Contracting an STI or conceiving is more likely when you are drunk;Being aware that you have to right to say "no" to sex at any time. You should not feel pressured to have sex because your partner wants to and is coercing you (e.g. by begging?and saying that they cannot live without sex) or using physical force. All individuals, whether they are male or female and regardless of age, have the right to withdraw from a sexual engagement at any time, including after kissing has started, after they have gone to the partner's house, and after they have started having sex. It is illegal for your partner to pressure or use force or violence to make you have or continue sex; andThink about delaying sex until after New Year's Eve, especially if you are intoxicated on the night.

Avoiding unsafe sex on New Year's Eve is the best way to avoid the health risks associated with it. However, practising safe sex is not always easy, especially if the sexual partners are drunk. Even safety-conscious individuals who use a condom may be exposed to health risks if the condom breaks.

There are many ways to?reduce the risk of STI, pregnancy and psychological health problems following unsafe sex. It is important for individuals who have?had unsafe sex to consult a health professional as soon as possible, ideally the day after the?unsafe sex.


Sexually transmitted infections

To manage the risk of STI following unhealthy sex, individuals should visit a doctor to:

Undergo screening tests for a range of curable STIs: (e.g. syphilis, Chlamydia). Some?STIs do not have any visible symptoms. These STIs can be effectively and easily treated if they are detected, but if left untreated may damage the reproductive organs or cause pain and discomfort;Test for HIV infection: Tests for HIV should be done at least three months after the unsafe sex, because the HIV antibodies may not be evident in the blood until then. While HIV is incurable, proper management of the infection prolongs life and maximises quality of life; andTake some condoms: Be prepared to make your next sexual encounter a safe one.


Pregnancy

Sex on New Year's EveWomen who have had sex that puts them at risk of pregnancy should take emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex to reduce the risk of becoming pregnant. Women who had unhealthy sex and have missed their monthly menstrual bleeding should take a pregnancy test to determine whether or not they are actually pregnant. Those who are pregnant should:

Obtain advice from a health professional about possible options for the pregnancy, including termination and the possibility of delivering the child and having it adopted. Health professionals will offer objective information about the health risks and benefits of various options;Obtain a referral to a pregnancy termination service provider if they do not wish to proceed with the pregnancy. There are many pregnancy termination service providers in Australia who can terminate pregnancy in safe, sterile conditions;Obtain a referral to an adoption agency, if they wish to continue with the pregnancy and have the child adopted after it is delivered;Obtain antenatal care and nutritional counselling if they wish to proceed with the pregnancy, regardless of whether they will have the child adopted;Obtain emotional support or referral to support services if they are having trouble deciding whether or not to terminate, are depressed or anxious about the pregnancy, or think they may become depressed or anxious.


Psychological health issues

Individuals who are experiencing psychological health problems following a sexual encounter may require referral to professional counselling to help them cope with their emotions. Some people may simply feel confused and guilty about having sex, while others may have experienced coercive sex or rape, and require counselling to help them cope with this. Sexual assault is common in Australia; 1 in 5 women and 1 in 20 men experience some form of sexual assault in their lifetime. Some people who have been sexually assaulted may not even realise they were abused, or may blame themselves for their assault (e.g. if they were intoxicated when it occurred). Counselling and other psychological support can also help these individuals better understand their sexual encounters (including what does and does not constitute sexual assault) and sexual rights.

Women with an unwanted pregnancy may also require counselling services, to assist them in deciding whether to terminate or continue with the pregnancy, or to help them cope emotionally with being pregnant. A GP and other health professionals can provide a referral to local services.

Health in the New Year?For more information on staying healthy in the New Year, including tips on diet, partying, exercise and general health, see Health in the New Year.?

Marie Stopes International. Kick up you heels responsibly this New Year's Eve [online]. 30 December 2007 [cited 13 December?2009]. Available from URL: http://www.mariestopes.com.au/ news1/ media_releases/ kick_up_your_heels_responsibly_this_new_year_s_eve/ World Health Organization. Defining sexual health: A report of a technical consultation of sexual health [online]. 21 December 2006 [cited 13 December 2009]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/ topics/ gender_rights/ defining_sexual_health/ en/World Health Organization. Family planning: A global handbook for providers [online]. 31 August 2007 [cited 20 June 2009]. Available from URL: www.who.int/ entity/ reproductivehealth/ publications/ family_planning/ en/UNAIDS. Fast facts about HIV testing [online]. 27 May 2008. [cited 15 December?2009]. Available from URL: http://data.unaids.org/ pub/ FactSheet/ 2008/ 20080527_fastfacts_testing_en.pdfWeller S, Davis K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): CD003255.Kraszewski S. Procedure for pregnancy testing. Nurs Stand. 2007; 22(12): 45-8..Van Dyke EM. Preconception care: Ensuring healthier pregnancies. JAAPA. 2008; 21(9): 16-21.Sexual Health Society of Victoria. National Management Guidelines for Sexually Transmissible Infections (7th edition). Melbourne: Sexual Health Society of Victoria, 2008.UNAIDS. Fast facts about HIV prevention [online]. 5 May 2008. [cited 15 December?2009]. Available from URL: http://data.unaids.org/ pub/ BaseDocument/ 2008/ 20080501_fastfacts_prevention_en.pdfde Visser RO, Smith AM, Rissel CE, Richters J, Grulich AE. Sex in Australia: Experiences of sexual coercion among a representative sample of adults. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2003; 27(2): 198-203.Family Planning Association of WA. Negotiating safe sex [online]. 19 December 2005 [cited 19 December?2009]. Available from URL: http://www.fpwa.org.au/ resources/ negotiatingsafesex.pdfFamily Planning NSW. The male condom fact sheet [online]. 31 May 2009, [cited 19 December?2009]. Available from URL: http://www.fpnsw.org.au/ fs.020_male_condom08.pdf Standerwick K, Davies C, Tucker L, Sheron N. Binge drinking, sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Int J STD AIDS. 2007; 18(12): 810-3.Kitamura T, Sugawara M, Sugawara K, Toda MA, Shima S. Psychosocial study of depression in early pregnancy. Br J Psychiatry. 1996; 168(6): 732-8.
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How to Have Healthy Eyes

Eye healthThe eyes are important and complex structures in the human body. They enable an individual's sense of sight, by transmitting light signals to the brain. When exposed to light, the eyes undergo a complex series of chemical reactions. These reactions allow the eyes to absorb light, process colour and transmit nerve impulses to the brain via the optic nerve. This process enables humans to see things.

However the eyes are very sensitive instruments which become damaged if they are exposed to too much light or other toxic substances (e.g. smoke in the environment, chemicals in cosmetic products). They are also dependent on a range of vitamins and nutrients to maintain their proper function (e.g. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness amongst children in developing countries). There are therefore many ways in which the eyes can potentially be damaged, but also many preventative measures an individual can take to protect against eye diseases and/or disorders.

Anatomy of the eye: Click to see larger image

The eyes, like all other organs of the body, depend upon nutrients, vitamins and minerals, to maintain their health and proper function. Thus, the types and quantities of foods an individual eats affects the health of their eyes, and eating the right foods can protect the eyes from a range of diseases and conditions. Preventing eye diseases is particularly important as many disorders are untreatable, cause eyesight to gradually deteriorate and therefore impact significantly on an individual's quality of life. However many individuals are not aware that their nutritional habits affect the health of their eyes and are unsure which types of foods to eat to protect their eyes' health. Some of the key factors in healthy eating for bright healthy eyes are:

Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables, which contain a wide range of vitamins and minerals which protect the eyes. For example leafy green vegetables (e.g. spinach) are a good source of Vitamin A and citrus fruits and tomatoes are rich in Vitamin C;Reduce fat and increase fibre intake, to prevent diabetes, a metabolic condition which commonly leads to diabetic eye disease;Maintain a healthy body mass index to prevent diabetes.


For more information, seeNutrition for Healthy Eyes.

Most people know that tobacco smoke generated by an individual smoking a cigarette, pipe, or other tobacco product, can cause damage not only to the individual who is smoking, but also to other people who are exposed to their tobacco smoke. The health conditions most commonly associated with tobacco smoke exposure are cancers and cardiovascular disorders. However cigarette smoking and tobacco smoke exposure also play an important role in the development of eye diseases and disorders. Few people are aware of the dangers smoking poses to the eyes however numerous scientific studies have now demonstrated an association between smoking or passive smoking (i.e. being exposed to another person's tobacco smoke) and an increased risk of eye disorders.

The best way to prevent the eye diseases associated with tobacco smoke exposure is to quit smoking and avoid being around others who are smoking.

For more information, see The Effect of Smoking on Eye Health.

Eye healthThe damaging effects of over-exposure to sunlight on the skin are well known amongst the Australian population, however the eye damage which can result from sun exposure is relatively little known. Eyes are sensitive instruments which can easily become injured or diseased from exposure to sunlight, because of the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. As it is impossible to avoid exposure to sunlight, it is important that individuals take measures to protect their eyes while they are in the sun, for example by:

Wearing a broad brimmed hat;Wearing wrap around sunglasses.

For more information, see Sun Protection for the Eyes.

There are a range of agents which can cause eye diseases, disorders or injuries which are found in workplaces. While many of these agents are often also found in everyday living environments exposure at dangerous levels is most likely to occur in the workplace, and thus these conditions are commonly referred to as work-related eye injuries or diseases. Excluding eye disorders related to computer use which are covered separately, work related eye diseases and disorders predominately affect individuals working outdoors or in the construction, manufacturing and service industries. Thus individuals who work in these industries should take measures to protect their eyes, including:

Wearing protective eye wear, for example goggles to protect from invasion of foreign objects or sunglasses to protect from UV exposure;Rinsing eyes immediately if they are exposed to chemicals or other toxic substances.


For more information, see Eye Injuries in the Workplace.

The use of computers amongst office workers has increased markedly over the past two decades. This has resulted in an increase in health disorders associated with computer use, the most common of which are eye and vision problems. While eye health problems related to computer use are temporary, they cause significant discomfort to computer users and are largely preventable. Individuals who spend a significant amount of time using a computer each day should:

Take regular breaks and perform simple eye exercises;Ensure their workstation is properly set up and the computer screen is at eye level;Ensure their computer screen is free of glare and the images displayed are clear and do not flicker.


For more information, see Office Ergonomics: Preventing Eye Strain.

Visual training is the practice of exercising the eyes. Visual training can be performed to vision disorders, in particular disorders relating to binocular function (i.e. the misalignment of the eyes). Eye exercises are also commonly used to relieve eyes after long period of focused vision (e.g. computer use).

For more information, see Visual Training for Eye Disorders.

Eye healthFacial cosmetics and cleansers can sometimes pass through the eyelids and come into contact with the eye's surface. Applicators or fingers used to apply eye cosmetics may also sometimes accidentally touch the eye's surface during the application process. As many cosmetics contain chemicals and their applicators can house unseen dirt and bacteria, exposure of the eyes' surface to cosmetics and cosmetic applicators can cause eye disorders. However, eye disorders caused by cosmetic use can be avoided, if the right cosmetics are purchased and they are stored and applied in a hygienic manner.

For more information, see Eye Cosmetics.

Bacteria, dirt and other foreign particles on the face can sometimes come into contact with the eye's surface. Everyday dirt from a garden, soiled clothing, hair or a kitchen bench may also contain chemicals and bacteria. Exposure of the eyes' surface to these foreign substances can therefore lead to irritations or infections. While these conditions are typically temporary and minor, poor facial hygiene is also associated with serious eye disorders which can cause permanent blindness. Preventing eyes from exposure to dirt and foreign particles is therefore important and can be achieved largely through maintaining good facial hygiene.

Eye examinations, sometimes refered to by professionals as visual field tests, are eye investigations performed to detect vision abnormalities or monitoring changes in vision. Having eyes examined regularly is the best method by which individuals can detect changes to the visual field and diagnose the condition/s underlying such changes. Such detection enables early intervention and treatment of emerging conditions, which is typically essential in preventing worsening of symptoms (e.g. vision loss). As many eye diseases remain asymptomatic until vision loss begins, eye examinations are often the only means of detecting eye problems early.

For more information, see Eye Examinations.

The role of exercise in promoting good health is well known, particularly in relation to preventing cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and obesity. The role of exercise in protecting eye health is relatively little known in the general population and there is also a lack of evidence from scientific studies demonstrating the role of physical exercise in protecting the eyes from vision loss and other disease. Available evidence suggests however, that regular physical activity can protect the eyes from a number of disorders. There is also evidence that exercise protects against cardiovascular disease (a disease which shares many common risk factors with age related macular degeneration, the eye disease which is the leading cause of blindness in Australia) and obesity (which is associated with greater severity of vision loss).

Marieb EN. Chapter 8: Special senses.In: Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology.San Francisco: Pearson Education; 2003.Lois N, Abdelkader E, Reglitz K, Garden C, Ayres JG. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and eye disease. Br J Ophthamol. 2008; 92(10): 1304-10. World Health Organisation. Vitamin A deficiency [online]. 2009 [cited 15 April2009]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/ nutrition/ topics/ vad/ en/ index.html American Optometric Association. Diet and nutrition [online]. 2006 [cited 15 April2009]. Available from URL: http://www.aoa.org/ x11813.xmlCancer Council Australia. Eye protection from ultraviolet radiation [online]. 30 August2006 [cited 15 April2009]. Available from URL: http://www.cancer.org.au/ file/ policypublications/ pseyeprotectionaug06.pdf Peate WF. Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 75(7): 1017-24.American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO). The keys to healthy computing: A health and safety handbook. 4 January 2007 [cited 15 April2009] Available from URL: http://afscme.org/ publications/ 1328.cfm Helveston EM. Visual training: Current status in ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 140(5): 903-10.United States Food and Drug Administration. Eye cosmetics and eyebrow/eyelash dyes [online]. 2001 [cited 15 April2009]. Available from URL: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/ ~dms/ cos-821.html Optometrists Association of Australia. Visual field testing [online]. November2005 [cited 15 April2009]. Available from URL: http://www.optometrists.asn.au/ ForOptometrists/ StandardsGuidelines/ ClinicalProcedures/ VisualFieldTesting/ tabid/ 199/ language/ en-AU/ Default.aspxAmerican Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern guidelines: Comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2005. Available from UEL: http://www.guideline.gov/ summary/ summary.aspx?ss=15 &doc_id=8200 &nbr=4575Williams PT. Prospective study of incident age-related macular degeneration in relation to vigorous physical activity during a 7-year follow-up. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009; 50(1): 101-6.Chiu CJ, Milton RC, Gensler G, Taylor A. Association between dietary glycemic index and age-related macular degeneration in nondiabetic participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 86(1): 180-8.Seddon JM, Cote J, Davis N, Rosner B. Progression of age-related macular degeneration: Association with body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003; 121(6): 785-92.
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Friday, May 31, 2013

Importance of Healthy Eating Before and During Pregnancy

Nutrition and pregnancy

Maintaining a healthy balanced diet is important for maintaining optimal health throughout life. For women of childbearing age, good nutrition is important for preparing the body for the demands of pregnancy.

During pregnancy, a woman’s macronutrient (energy) and micronutrient (e.g. vitamins, mineral) requirements increase, and it is even more important that she consumes food which will give her both the energy and the specific micronutrients which are essential for maintaining her and her growing baby’s health. For example, women require an additional 240 calories of energy per day in the second trimester and 452 calories per day in the third trimester of pregnancy to account for foetal growth. An additional 975 milligrams of iron is required in the course of the pregnancy to form foetal and additional maternal blood.

While nutritional supplements can provide large quantities of particular micronutrients, a healthy balanced diet should form the basis of a woman’s nutritional intake. Good nutrition is most important immediately prior to conception and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (including the very early stages, when the woman is unaware she is pregnant). It is therefore important for women to maintain a healthy diet throughout their childbearing years, and particularly if they are planning to become pregnant.

Maintaining a healthy diet before and during pregnancy helps to protect both the pregnant mother and her developing baby from immediate and long-term health risks.


Importance of a healthy diet before becoming pregnant

Nutrition and pregnancyA woman’s nutritional status during pregnancy depends on the availability of nutritional reserves, that is, stores of particular micronutrients such as calcium and iron, which have been built up in her body from prior consumption of foods containing those micronutrients. As these reserves build up before a woman becomes pregnant, maintaining good nutrition prior to conception is vital for ensuring adequate nutritional status during pregnancy. Women who are underweight or overweight, or who have deficiencies in particular micronutrients rarely “catch-up” by improving their diet once they are pregnant, as at this stage their body already faces additional nutritional demands because of the growing baby.

Maintaining a healthy diet prior to conception is also important because the ongoing development of the baby depends on the health of the embryo from which it is formed. The embryo is the name of the first cells which reproduce when a sperm and egg meet and conceive. The embryo then implants in the wall of the woman’s uterus (womb) and goes on to divide into two types of cells; those that form the foetus and those that form the placenta (which provides nutrition to the foetus during pregnancy). Evidence suggests that maternal nutritional status has an important influence on the proportions of cells which go on to form the foetus and placenta. In undernourished women (women who do not consume enough energy or calories), a greater proportion of cells are likely to form the placenta compared to the foetus, which means the foetus will be relatively small when it begins growth and its development in the womb will be restricted. This increases the likelihood that the baby will be too small (weigh less than 2.5kg) when it is born.

Not consuming enough of particular micronutrients can also retard foetal development in the early stages of pregnancy. In particular, there is strong evidence of an association between folate deficiency and deficits in the development of the neural tube.


Importance of a healthy diet during pregnancy

Nutrition and pregnancyPoor maternal nutrition is the key factor contributing to poor foetal development, which increases the risk that the baby born will be ill or die. Research shows that maternal nutritional status during pregnancy plays a more important role in determining foetal health and predisposition to some diseases, than genetic factors (e.g. a genetic predisposition to obesity). For example, studies show that in gestational surrogacy (where one woman bears a child conceived from the egg of another woman), factors relating to the recipient mother (the woman bearing the child) influence foetal health more so than those of the donor mother (the woman whose eggs were used).

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy also appears to have a “foetal programming” effect, that is, the foetus learns nutritional habits, which will influence it for the rest of its life, before it is even born. A foetus will also adapt its metabolism and other body systems to cope with different states of nutrition. For example, an under-nourished foetus, which does not receive enough macronutrients or energy, responds by reducing glucose and insulin production, which ultimately slows the rate of foetal growth and increases the risk of low birth weight. It may also alter the metabolism permanently and leave an individual predisposed to metabolic conditions such as diabetes. The foetus also adapts to under-nutrition by redirecting blood flow and therefore the supply of nutrients to protect the brain, at the expense of fully developing other organs including the kidneys, muscles and endocrine system (the system which regulates the body’s hormone production).

The nerves which regulate the foetus’s appetite are also programmed while it is developing in the womb and this affects an individual’s appetite regulation later in life. The foetal programming effect influences not only how much an individual consumes, but also their food preferences. Individuals who are programmed to consume high-fat, high-sugar diets in utero (whilst in the womb), also have a greater tendency to consume such diets throughout their life.

All women experience increased nutritional requirements during pregnancy, and thus all women should ensure they are well informed about and attempt to maintain a healthy balanced diet before and during pregnancy. However, some women may find it harder to access or consume all the necessary components of a healthy diet throughout their life and during pregnancy. For example, those who are food insecure may be unable to access enough food to nourish themselves and their baby.

Nutrition and pregnancyWomen should also be aware that poor nutrition results from a complex range of factors, of which nutritional intake is just one. Infectious disease, physical labour and adolescent growth all create nutritional demands which may mean that a diet which meets the needs of a normal healthy woman is insufficient for a growing adolescent, a woman who is ill or one who engages in physical labour during pregnancy.

Lifestyle habits such as smoking and drug use can limit the extent to which the body absorbs and uses nutrients and so these behaviours increase the risk of poor nutritional status during pregnancy.

Women who have an increased risk of experiencing poor nutrition during pregnancy include:

Vegan and vegetarian women, as many micronutrients are largely sourced from animal derived foods;Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander women, who are predisposed to poor nutrition due to socioeconomic and demographic factors such as poverty and food insecurity; Women of low socioeconomic status who generally have poorer nutrition and health and are more likely to give birth to a low birth weight infant;Women with health conditions including diabetes and infectious conditions which create additional nutritional demands on the body;Women who have recently given birth, as short birth intervals do not give a woman’s body the chance to recuperate and build up nutritional stores between pregnancies;Women with multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.) which place greater nutritional demand on the pregnant woman’s body; Women exposed to stress, as this can increase nutrient losses and change eating patterns; Women who smoke, consume alcohol or take illicit drugs as these can increase nutrient losses and change eating patterns; Adolescent women as their bodies are still growing and require nutrients to sustain their growth. As such, the growing foetus competes with the growing adolescent body for nutrients; Women with severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy (known as hyperemesis gravidarum), a condition which occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies and typically occurs beyond 16 weeks gestation.?


Women who find it difficult to access food should seek help from a health professional or support group. For example, those from low socioeconomic backgrounds who have difficulty accessing food should seek assistance from an agency which helps people access food. Those with special eating requirements (e.g. lactose intolerance) may need individual nutritional advice from their GP, a nutritionist or dietian. Women who have deficiencies in particular micronutrients may also require nutritional supplements during pregnancy.

More information on Nutritional Supplements During Pregnancy.

Pregnancy?For more information about pregnancy, including preconception advice, stages of pregnancy, investigations, complications, living with pregnancy and birth, see?Pregnancy.

Nutrition
For more information on nutrition, including information on?types and composition of food, nutrition and people, conditions related to nutrition, and diets and recipes, as well as some useful videos and tools, see Nutrition.?

Pregnancy planningFor more information about pregnancy planning, including importance of nutrition before pregnancy, being under-weight, being overweight, tobacco exposure and alcohol consumption, see Pregnancy Planning (Preconception Advice).

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Improving the health and nutrition of pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and children in low-income households. 2008. [cited 2009, August 22], Available from: www.nice.org.uk/PH011Academy for Educational Development. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. 2004. [cited 2010, May 2]. Available from: http://www.pronutrition.org/files/MaternalNutritionDietaryGuide.pdf?Guyton, A. Hall, J. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. 2006. Elselvier Inc. Philadelphia.Royal Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation in Pregnancy. 2008. [cited 2009, August 22], available from: http://www.ranzcog.edu.au/publications/statements/C-obs25.pdfNational Health and Medical Research Council. Dietary guidelines for Australian Adults. 2003. [cited 2010, January 20]. Available from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/dietsyn.htm?World Health Organisation. Promoting Optimal Fetal Development: report of a technical consultation. 2006. [cited 2010, May 2]. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/fetal_dev_report_EN.pdfMatin-Gronert, M. Ozanne, S. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and health of the offspring. Information Processing and Molecular Signalling. 2006; 34(5): 779-82.Wu, G. Bazer, F. Cudd, T. et al. Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Development. J Nutrition. 2004; 134: 2169-72.Mulhausler, B. Adam, C. McMillan, C. Maternal nutrition and the programming of obesity. Organogenensis. 2008 ;4(3): 144-52.United Nations ACC Sub-Committee on Nutrition. 4th Report on the World Nutrition Situation: Nutrition throughout the lifecycle. 2000. [accessed 2009, November 11]. Available from: http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jh1313e/National Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Nutrition Working Party. National Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Nutrition Strategy and Action Plan 2000-2010. 2000. [cited 2009, August 15] Available from: http://www.nphp.gov.au/signal
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