Congeners are biologically active chemicals (chemicals that exert an effect on the body or the brain) and are often contained in alcoholic beverages, in addition to ethanol, the key ingredient in biologically active alcohol.
Congeners are produced in the process of fermentation or Aging, when organic chemicals (chemicals from plants) in the drink break. They can also be added during the production process to contribute to the taste, the smell and appearance of the drink.
Congeners appear mainly in the darker liquors, brandy, tequila, whisky and wine. Clear liquors, including white rum, vodka and gin, tend to cause the hangover less frequently and are preferred by people who have alcohol dependence.
For example, bourbon has almost 40 times the amount of congeners contained in vodka and was reported to have a greater effect of intoxication, even if this has not been confirmed. Bourbon is supposed to increase the chances of a hangover more drinks containing congeners less. Studies have also found an association between greater sleepiness the next day and bourbon consumption.
Many different types of congeners can be found in various alcoholic beverages.
Furfural
Furfuraldehyde is a congener which inhibits the metabolism of yeast. It can be added to liquor during the fermentation phase.
Tannins
Tannins are congeners found in wine. Tannins contain powerful antioxidants like polyphenols.
Of fusel oil
Fusel oil is a congener product in the process of alcohol from the distillation of the spirit. The name is derived from the word German fusel oil, which means 'bad alcohol. In high concentrations, it causes a flavor. In low concentrations of fusel oil adds to the flavours and aromas of alcoholic beverages.
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde is a toxic congener produced by degradation of ethanol.
Methanol
Methanol is a congener content in alcoholic beverages, which is thought to contribute to the symptoms of the hangover. When metabolized, methanol breaks down into formaldehyde and formic acid. The elimination of methanol from the body coincided with the appearance of a hangover. People who metabolize methanol faster than others will feel more physical symptoms of a hangover. Whiskey, red wine, brandy and other dark spirits contain the largest amount of methanol and have been suggested to cause the worst hangover, even if it is still to be confirmed.
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